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Neurotech22-Lecture-2

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📗 -> 11/3/22: Introduction to Neuroscience & EEG

Lecture 2

🎤 Vocab

BCI - Brain Computer Interfaces. Based on recording neural activity and outputting to an external machine output.

❗ Information

✒️ -> Scratch Notes

Frontal-Lobe - Is responsible for high level executive functions

  • Decision making
  • Planning
  • Goal Oriented Responses
  • Emotion Regulation
  • Impulse Control

Motor Cortex

Motor-Cortex

  • Present on both hemispheres
  • Located in frontal lobe in precentral gyrus
  • Responsible for voluntary muscle movement
  • Info travels through from premotor cortex (planning of movement) -> M1 -> spinal cord -> muscles contraction
  • Corticospinal tract: carries motor signals from the primary motor cortex in the brain, down the spinal cord, to the muscles of the trunk and limbs
  • Corticobulbar tract conducts impulses from the brain to the cranial nerves

Parietal-Lobe

  • Processes somatosensory information
  • Integrates multiple sensory modalities together

Somatosensory Cortex

Somatosensory-Cortex

  • Present on both hemispheres
  • Located in postcentral gyrus
  • Responsible for processing sensations including
    • Touch (fine touch, texture, vibration)
    • Proprioception : perception and awareness about the position and movement of your body
    • Nociception: detection of painful stimuli
    • Temperature
  • Info travels through receptors -> thalamus -> S1
  • Somatotopic organization: point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point on the central nervous system.
  • More sensitive areas take up more space in the somatotopic arrangement

Occipital-Lobe

  • Visual Processing
  • Color and Motion
  • Object Identification and location orientation

Temporal-Lobe

  • Auditory Processing
  • Language Processing

EEG 101

Digital vs Analog
Time and Frequency Domains
Dry Electrodes: Signal metal that acts as a conductor between skin and the electrode (MUSE)
Wet Electrodes: Electrolyte gel acts as a conductor between skin and the electrode

Need to have ground and reference electrodes

EEG Collects:

  • Neural Activity
  • Motor Movements
  • Other Electrical Signals
    Know:
  • Noise
  • SIgnal to Noise Ratio (SNR): Compares level of desired signal to level of background noise
  • Artifacts: Signal not arising from the desired target. IE you can get artifacts from somebody moving, creating a signal not from the brain

Brainwaves AKA Neural Oscillations:

Brainwaves are repeating rhythmic patterns of electrical activity in the CNS, also known as neural oscillations
Their main features are frequency and amplitude

  • Higher frequency - the more awake
  • Slow waves = high amplitude
  • Mu waves (8-13 hz) -> from sensorimotor areas

Gamma (>35 Hz)

  • Deep focus

Beta (13-35 Hz)

  • Awake and active
  • Frontal & Central regions

Alpha (8-13 Hz)

  • Awake but relaxed
  • Associated with Occipital region

Theta (4-8 Hz)

  • Daydreaming, meditation

Delta (.5-4 Hz)

  • Deep sleep, dreaming
  • Right Hemisphere

Sleep

During sleep, sleep spindles and k complexes are other patterns of brain waves that occur during NREM (Non Rapid Eye Movement)

  • Sleep stage 1: alpha theta
  • Sleep stage 2: theta & sleep spindles
  • Sleep stage 3-4: Delta

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