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Shifting-Research-Approaches-New-Insights-Into-Language-And-Reading Disorders

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Shifting our brain and behavior development research approaches to gain new insights into language and reading disorders

🎤 Vocab

❗ Information

✒️ -> Scratch Notes

Language and reading are what make us uniquely human. First responsibility of children are to learn these tasks.

1st Part of Talk - Dyslexia

Characteristics of Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and Dyslexia

  • Unexpected difficulty (not attributable to another known cause)
  • Defined by arbitrary cutoffs along a continuum of abilities
  • Neurobiological cause, partially heritable
  • “Developmental” (not acquired)
  • Benefit from early identification and intervention
    Existing diagnostic methods are not accurate enough, typically we have to wait for children to fail before helping them

3 principles to help turn a new page:

  • Characterizing heterogeneity rather than assuming similarity
  • Assessing the multiple factors that shape neurodevelopment
  • Starting earlier in life and assessing naturalistic context

Assumption that dyslexia is a phonological core deficit model of dyslexia

Rapid automatized naming (RAN) as a core deficit/subtype in dyslexia

  • RAN is the efficiency with which one can name an array of familiar items (colors, letters, etc.)
    • Typically measured by speed of processing
    • Very quick to give, can be done in 30 seconds and its one of the best predictors of dyslexia
  • Reflects multiple processes and automaticity needed for reading

RNA and PA deficit subtypes differ in their brain activation during reading
📷

Did an ERP task where Mismatch Negativity (MMN)

  • MMN separately reflects RAN and PA

Meta-analysis of RAN as a dyslexia screening measure

Early RAN relates to later reading: a new meta-analysis

  • n=10,513 participants from 67 studies
  • Pre-K / K -> Grades 1-4
    • Types of reading measures
    • Practical screening considerations
      • Types of RAN grids, items in grid, number of grids, etc.
      • Time of year assessed, etc.
  • Found:
    • No significant effect of RAN task factors/layout
    • Or of child/sample factors
      • Child age
      • risk status of sample

Second part of Talk - Language

DLD - Developmental Language Disorder

Child assessment is not enough to identify DLD

Multiple influences on language development and DLD risk: The When to Worry About Language Study

  • Language or reading disorder
  • Mental health disorder
    A high amount of kids presenting with one will present with the other as well.

Development of Late Talkers-Remitted (normal late talkers) vs Late Talkers-Persistent (language disorders) is difficult

  • Trajectories are almost identical up until age 24
  • 64% normal trajectory / 25% remitted / 11% persistent

Late talkers are 2x more likely to have frequent and severe temper tantrums

Social EEG: Naturalistic measures during parent-child interactions

  • Put EEG caps on kids (and parents because kids comply better lol) and measure brain waves during natural interactions
  • Contexts elicit different types of dyadic interaction
  • Behavioral codes are linked to EEG data
  • Assess neural responses and synchrony in relation to behavior

Predicted changes during social engagement:

  • Alpha Suppression = Visual Attention and Alertness
  • Theta Enhancement = Emotional arousal, novel object exploration and social information processing

Results:

  • Difference between movie and social condition showed a systematic decrease in alpha (p < .001)
  • Increase in theta from movie to social (p< .004)

📷

Next steps are to use these for multimodal prediction of later language and mental health outcomes

  • Language trajectories
  • Irritability
  • Cohort/pandemic effects
  • Environment/caregiver factors
  • Child social EEG and MMN
  • Dyadic synchrony during EEG and MMN

HBCD - HEALthy Brain and Child Development

  • Play on ABCD / Babies - Brains - Bright Futures is the tag line
  • HEAL - drug related org?
  • Largest ever longitudinal study of brain and behavior
    Gets behavior, biosensors, EEG data, and more

Embracing heterogeneity, considering their ecosystem of development, and starting earlier have helped identifying language and reading disorders, with more discoveries to come

🧪 -> Refresh the Info

Did you generally find the overall content understandable or compelling or relevant or not, and why, or which aspects of the reading were most novel or challenging for you and which aspects were most familiar or straightforward?)

Did a specific aspect of the reading raise questions for you or relate to other ideas and findings you’ve encountered, or are there other related issues you wish had been covered?)

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