Neurotransmitters

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📗 -> Neurotransmitters

❗ Information

Neurotransmitters are one of the primary ways our brain sends signals!!
Chemical synapses use the transfer of transmitter from the pre-synaptic cell to the post-synaptic cell.
The neurotransmitters will interact with neuroreceptors to send this signal

📄 Description

This is a broad category, as there are literally 100s of neurotransmitters. Some major ones include:

• Glutamate

  • The most abundant transmitter
  • Excitatory

  Imbalances in glutamate levels are associated with Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, Parkinson’s disease and seizures.

• GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)

  • Inhibitory

  prevents problems in the areas of anxiety, irritability, concentration, sleep, seizures and depression.

• Dopamine

  • Originates primarily in the Substantia Nigra and the VTA
  • Known as the “feel good” hormone, gives you a sens eof pleasure / satisfaction
  • Critical part of the brains reward system, dopamine modulation is the key component of the RPE, or the “Reward Prediction Error”. This determines how satisfied you are with a choice.

• Serotonin

  • Helps regulate mood, body temperature and appetite.
  • “95% of the body’s serotonin, however, is produced in the intestine”
  • In the brain, its almost exclusively produced in the raphe nuclei located in the midline of the brainstem

• Oxytocin

  • Create in the hypothalamus, but your posterior pituitary gland stores and releases it into your bloodstream

  Oxytocin is released in response to activation of sensory nerves during labor, breastfeeding and sexual activity

• Glycine

• Histamine

• Epinephrine / Norepinephrine

• Acetylcholine

• Adrenaline / Noradrenaline

Error Driven Learning

Uses contrasts between expectations and outcomes

Neuromodulators such as dopamine, norepinephrine and acetylcholine likely play an important role in modulating this form of learning

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